中文版 
Spain 
Arabic
Russian
Korean
Thai
vietnamese
Persian
Deutsch
Türkce
日本語
DSIP Research Overview Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a peptide with a molecular weight of 850 daltons. It has the amino acid motif: N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C. DSIP plays various roles, such as endocrine regulation, disease and medicine, and sleep induction. However, the connection between DSIP and sleep is not fully understood due to the lack of isolation of the DSIP gene, protein, and potential receptor. Research has been conducted on the effectiveness of DSIP in treating insomnia, pain, and withdrawal. DSIP has shown the ability to counteract opiate receptors, leading to a significant reduction in opioid and alcohol dependence. Clinical trials are currently underway to explore its potential in treating withdrawal syndrome. Additionally, DSIP has been found to alleviate narcolepsy and restore disrupted sleep patterns in certain studies. DSIP and Sleep Research Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a nonapeptide that was discovered in 1977 for its ability to stimulate slow or delta wave sleep. DSIP has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects on sleep and pain. Here are some key findings: A study was con ...
Read More
SS-31 Research SS-31 (also called elamipretide) is a peptide that specifically targets mitochondria. Clinical evidence indicates that SS-31 demonstrates promise in addressing numerous medical conditions stemming from mitochondrial dysfunction. SS-31 Mechanisms of Action SS-31 operates within cells by selectively aggregating inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds to cardiolipin, a critical component of mitochondrial structure and function. By binding to cardiolipin, SS-31 helps maintain the shape of the mitochondria’s inner folds, known as cristae, which facilitates their energy-producing capabilities. SS-31 also functions as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). This action helps to prevent oxidative stress and maintain mitochondrial function. Further, SS-31 promotes the flow of electrons through the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which boosts ATP production – the cell’s energy currency. Lastly, SS-31 has been shown to prevent cell death by inhibiting the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins and preserving mitochondrial integrity. SS-31 and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mitochondria are known as “powerhouses” within cells and play ...
Read More
PE-22-28 Research PE-22-28 is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring peptide Spadin, which binds to TREK-1, a protein found in areas of the brain that control mood, memory, and learning. It is being investigated for its potential benefits in treating depression, improving memory and learning, aiding stroke recovery, and potentially combating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. PE-22-28 and Treatment of Depression PE-22-28 has shown promising results in the treatment of depression. The peptide specifically blocks the TREK-1 channel, a mechanism that has been linked to antidepressant activity. In comparison to spadin, PE-22-28 has demonstrated better specificity and affinity for the TREK-1 channel, with an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 0.12 nM versus 40-60 nM for spadin. In behavioral models of depression, such as the forced swimming test, mice treated with PE-22-28 showed a significant reduction in immobility time, indicating an antidepressant effect. Furthermore, PE-22-28 was found to have improved in vivo stability and bioavailability compared to spadin, maintaining its activity for up to 23 hours instead of 7 hours. PE-22-28 Stimulates Neuro ...
Read More
what is P21 P21 is a modified synthetic CNTF analog. CNTF is a natural protein mediator of neuronal growth in humans. The effects of CNTF have been studied primarily in the nervous system, although there are receptors for the peptide in other parts of the body, such as bones. Studies have shown that it can promote the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the growth of neurites. It can also protect neurons and their supporting cells from inflammatory attacks. In addition to its neurotrophic effects, CNTF can increase satiety, thereby reducing food intake. CNTF and cerebrolysin are not the same molecule. P21 is also not the same as cerebrolysin. It is discussed below and compared to P21. Recombinant CNTF was developed under the brand name Axokine. It is being tested for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and is not currently available for sale. Interestingly, the body quickly develops antibodies to Axokine, suggesting that it may be possible to use P21 and exogenous CNTF together in some cases to increase CNTF levels while keeping antibody activity to a minimum . What does P21 do? In simple terms, P21 can enhance cognition and protect the central nervous system from dam ...
Read More
KPV Peptide Research KPV PEPTIDE AND INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION The primary subject of KPV research has been focused on its potential for reducing intestinal inflammation. In mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it appeared to reduce inflammatory infiltrates, MPO activity, and overall histological evidence of inflammation. KPV appeared to help mice to recover faster and gain weight. Delivery of KPV using nanoparticles functionalized with hyaluronic acid appeared to help direct inflammation to targeted intestinal locations. Thus the suppression of TNF-alpha may reduce inflammation and cause mucosal healing in mice. The researchers note that: “These results collectively demonstrate that our HA-KPV-NP/hydrogel system has the capacity to release HA-KPV-NPs in the colonic lumen and that these NPs subsequently penetrate into colitis tissues and enable KPV to be internalized into target cells, thereby alleviating ulcerative colitis.” Studies have suggested that the peptide also may reduce NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB, and MAPK inhibition together ameliorate the inflammatory changes in the intestine. Mice exposed to KPV appeared to exhibit less colonic infilt ...
Read More
GHRP-2 Research GHRP-2 and Muscle Structure Studies in yaks have shown that the GHRP-2 peptide appears to stimulate muscle growth in two ways: by enhancing protein synthesis and accumulation, and by reducing protein degradation. [3] Studies have shown that GHRP-2 may help overcome natural growth limitations in yaks due to food deprivation, adverse environmental conditions, and disease. The researchers also suggest that "GHRP-2 enhances muscle protein deposition primarily by upregulating protein synthesis pathways." The most important observation is that GHRP-2 may reduce muscle atrophy by inhibiting atrogin-1 and MuRF1 proteins, which are thought to regulate muscle degradation pathways. GHRP-2 and the Heart Studies in fetal heart cell culture lines have suggested that GHRP-2 and its analogs (GHRP-1 and GHRP-6) may help protect heart cells by minimizing apoptosis, or programmed cell death. [4] The peptide appears to protect the heart muscle from reduced blood and nutrient supply, which in some cases can trigger cardiac arrest. Studies of the GHRP-2 analog Hexarelin have shown that these peptides associate with specific receptors. It has been hypothesized that the receptor CD36 may play a promin ...
Read More
What is AOD-9604? AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide and modified fragment of hGH, specifically the C-terminal region (amino acids 177-191). It was developed with the intention of mimicking the fat-burning properties of hGH without its muscle-building effects, which are not always desired in the context of weight loss. How AOD-9604 Works AOD-9604 stimulates the pituitary gland, similar to how natural growth hormones regulate fat metabolism. It activates lipolysis, the breakdown of fats, and inhibits lipogenesis, the formation of fats. The peptide has been shown to reduce body weight in animal studies and in some human trials. AOD-9604 and Metabolic Health Research has shown that AOD-9604 can influence lipid metabolism in several ways. It has been observed to increase lipolysis, which is the breakdown of fat, and reduce lipogenesis, the process of transforming non-fat food materials into body fat . These effects were noted in obese mice and beta(3)-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice, suggesting that AOD-9604’s actions are not mediated directly through the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor, a known facilitator of lipolysis . AOD-9604 and Weight Loss Research has shown ...
Read More
What is AICAR? AICAR, also known as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide nucleoside, is an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist. AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide nucleoside) is endogenously produced from intermediates in the purine biosynthetic pathway. In human athletes, urine [AICAR] correlates with sex (male > female), season of exercise (in-competition > out-of-competition), and sport (weightlifting > football). Plasma AICAR is hypothesized to increase with exercise. An LC-MS-MS method was developed to quantify AICAR in plasma collected from racehorses immediately before and after racing. After racing, plasma AICAR levels were elevated in the majority of horses, independent of age, sex, or performance in the group. After intravenous administration of AICAR, mean arterial blood pressure decreased dramatically despite compensatory increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Exercise-induced increases in AICAR may promote vasodilation. This research was supported by the Horse Racing Drug and Testing Alliance, the Pennsylvania Horse Racing Commission, the Pennsylvania Harness Riders Association, the Meadows Standardbred Owners Association, and the Pennsylvania Riders Benevolent and Protective Asso ...
Read More
Adamax Peptide Research Adamax is a nootropic peptide that is considered an improved version of Semax, a neuropeptide. It has been gaining attention for its potential benefits in cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis. Adamax and Cognitive Function Adamax is a potent derivative of the neuropeptide Semax, known for its nootropic properties. It is believed to enhance cognitive function by increasing the levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and improving the sensitivity of TrkB receptors in the hippocampus. Research suggests that regular and sustained use of Adamax may promote long-term changes in brain function, potentially resulting in improved cognitive abilities over time. Adamax and Neuroprotection Adamax is thought to possess neuroprotective properties, which protect neurons (nerve cells) in the brain from harm, degeneration, and oxidative stress. By exerting neuroprotective effects, Adamax may help reduce the negative impacts of factors that cause neuronal loss, which can lead to conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders and age-related cognitive decline. Adamax and Neurogenesis Adamax may promote neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons. Th ...
Read More
ARA-290 Research ARA-290 is a variant of erythropoietin, engineered to selectively interact with the innate repair receptor. This peptide has been shown to decrease inflammatory pathways and promote tissue protection without the hematopoietic effects associated with erythropoietin. Research indicates that ARA-290 can help reduce HbA1c levels, improve cholesterol profiles, modulate neuropathic pain, and stimulate wound repair. ARA-290 and Tissue Repair ARA-290’s interaction with the innate repair receptor facilitates tissue protection and repair by antagonizing inflammatory processes. This action has been observed in preclinical models of neuropathy, where ARA-290 reduced allodynia and promoted healing. These properties make it a promising candidate for further research into therapies targeting tissue damage and inflammation . ARA-290 and Metabolic Control Studies have demonstrated that ARA-290 can improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a clinical trial, subjects receiving ARA-290 showed significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and lipid profiles over a 56-day period. These findings suggest that ARA-290 may of ...
Read More
AICAR Peptide AICAR or 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, is a synthetic adenosine monophosphate analog. It was developed to stimulate the AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity.[1,2] It is currently being investigated as a protective agent against ischemic damage in the cardiac myocytes during cardiac injury. The AMP-activated protein kinase is an enzyme and a protein that may play a regulatory role in several metabolic pathways. Its expression has been observed in several tissues, including the skeletal muscles, liver, and brain. In all these tissues, it is considered to exert a potential net effect on lipogenesis and may inhibit cholesterol synthesis and ketogenesis. It may also modulate insulin secretion and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation with glucose uptake. Several energy deficit states may trigger the release of AMPK, like hypoxia or hypoglycemia. AICAR Research AICAR AND THE HEART AICAR has been researched for its potential two-way protective role in protecting the heart from the ischemia associated with CVD. Inflammation is considered to be a significant contributor to the disease pathology in atherosclerosis and other heart diseases. Research ...
Read More
Mechanism of Action: Semax is known to stimulate neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system, namely Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). It further appears to impact serotonin, dopamine, and enkephalin signaling. Notable Studies: · Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone · The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke · Synthetic ACTH analog Semax displays nootropic‐like activity in humans What is Semax? Semax is a synthetic peptide that was first developed by Russian researchers in the 1980s. It is authorized in Russia and Ukraine for indications including ischemic brain stroke, encephalopathy, optic nerve atrophy, and cognitive disorders such as dementia. Research suggests that Semax may offer potential benefits to patients suffering from a variety of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Semax is an analog of the ACTH(4-10) peptide, the latter a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a hormo ...
Read More
